Stephen Downes

Knowledge, Learning, Community

This is a chapter from a larger book, the whole of which is worth looking at. This summary doesn't do this complex chapter justice. The first paradox is power: "The central issue is no longer only access to scholarly outputs, but who controls the infrastructures through which scholarly communication is organised." This is why I have historically argued for decentralized open access, rather than platform centrlization. The second paradox is 'reciprocity', where proponents of openness have opposed text and data mining (TDM) because " the same openness that dismantled subscription barriers also created conditions under which scholarly content could be recomposed as a scalable input for platform economies" (readers should remember my many years of advocacy for a non-commercial clause to prevent just this). The third is governance: "smaller data infrastructures now find themselves overwhelmed by automated scraping requests, forced to absorb the operational costs of large-scale harvesting while lacking the resources to govern, limit, or benefit from such use." This is why (and my colleagues from EDUCAUSE three decades ago may remember) why I argues for distributed resources and aggregation, rather than federation.

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Stephen Downes Stephen Downes, Casselman, Canada
stephen@downes.ca

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026 10:13 a.m.

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