"Modern learning systems can observe response times, hesitation patterns, engagement signals, repeated errors, abandoned tasks, and changes in behavior over time," writes Charles Fadel. "From those signals, systems may infer far more sensitive conclusions: cognitive difficulty, emotional state, personality traits, anxiety risk, motivation, confidence, persistence, and other psychological characteristics." And, according to Fadal, "that is where the line must be drawn." The article goes on to propose a taxonomy of various forms of inferences analytics can make, and which of these ought to be permissible or not. But I think it really depends on who is doing the inferring, and why. I should be able to inform myself about my own psychological state. I should be able to tell others, if I want. But consent here matters.
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