Stephen Downes

Knowledge, Learning, Community

This paper (21 page PDF) attempts an analysis and new theoretical structure of open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) framed within a type of systems theory, drawing especially from sociologist Niklas Luhmann. "Communication, evolution, and differentiation - these components serve as the basis for introducing Luhmann's systems theory here, which will then be applied to ODDE." The paper follows in a grand tradition; "This interpretation complements earlier systems-oriented models in distance education (e.g., Rumble, 1979; Moore & Kearsley, 1996), which conceptualize ODDE as a set of interrelated functional components, by reinterpreting these components as communicatively constituted subsystems." If the problems of the world (and hence ODDE) are in the systems, then we need to get the systems analysis right.

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Stephen Downes Stephen Downes, Casselman, Canada
stephen@downes.ca

Copyright 2026
Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026 11:41 a.m.

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