As used here, 'shadow education' "usually indicates academic fee-paid tutoring administered outside schools." This paper (18 page PDF) overviews major sources and evolving themes in shadow educ ation research. "Theoretically," write the authors, with emphasis, "probably due to our selection criteria, influential articles along the major evolution path of the citation network mainly regard shadow education as a supplement to mainstream education." On the other hand, "shadow education may replace its mainstream counterpart because some students regard the former as more effective." This missing too much relevant literature (the authors even admit "the knowledge dissemination network of SER is likely to form a network closure").
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